Warning: Graphic content, readers’ discretion advised. This article contains a recollection of crime and can be triggering to some, readers’ discretion advised.
On the morning of April 19,1995 , an ex -army soldier and security guard named Timothy Mc veigh parked a rented Ryder truck in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City.
The bomb remains of automobiles with the bombed federal building inthe background.
McVeigh was born on April 23, 1968 , in Lockport, new york .the only son and the second of three children of his Irisch American parents,Noreen Mlidred ” mickey” hill and william Mc Veigh .
After mc veigh´s parent divorced,when he was ten years old ,he wass raised by his father in Pendleton, New york.
Mc Veigh claimed to have been a target of bullying at schhol and hi took regufes in a fantasy wold where he imagined retaliating agains the bullies .At the end of his life. He stated his belief that the United states govenment is the ultimate bully.
Most who knew Mc Veigh rember him as being a shy and withdrawn ,while a few described him as an outgoing and playful child who withdrew as an adolescent . He is said to have had only one girlfriend as an adolescent. He later told journalists that he did not have any idea how to impress girls.
While in high school Mc Veigh became interestes in computers and hacked into government computers systems on his commondore 64 under the handle the wanderer, taken from song by Dion( DiMucci) In his senior year he was named” most promising computer programmer” of starpoint Central High school.( as well as ” most talktive ” by his classmates as a joke as hi did not speak much) .But had relatively poor grades until his 1986 graduation .
He was introduced to firearms by his grandfather .Mc Veigh told people of his wish to becom a gun shop owner and sometimes took firearms to school to impress his classmates.He became intensely interested in gun rights as well the second amendment to the United states constitution after graduated from high school,and read magazines such as soldier of fortune.He briefly attended Bryant & stratton college before dropping out. After dropping out of college .
Mc Veigh worked as an amored car guard ans was noted by co-workers as being obessed with guns.
One co-worker recalled an instance when Mc Veigh came to work “looking like pancho villa” as he was wearing bandoliers
In May 1988,at the age of 20 Mc Veigh enlisted in the United states Army and attended Basic training and advanced individual training at the U.S Army infantry school at Fort Benning,Georgia .
While in the military Mc Veigh used much of his spare time to rea about firearms.sniper tactics , and explosives Mc Veigh was reprmanded by the military for purchasing as” white Power” Tshirt at Ku Klux Klan rallu where they were objecting to black servicement who wore”Black power ” T-shirts around a millitary insstallation (ptimary Army)
His future co -conspiration Terry Nichols was his platoon guid.He and nichols quickly got along with their similar backgrounds as well as their views in gun collecting ands suvivalism.The two were later stationed at Fort Riley in junction City ,Kansas, where they met and became friends with their future accomlice .Michael Fortier.
Timothy Mc Veigh , US.Army veteran.
Mc Veigh aspired to join the United states Army Special Forces (SF) After returning from the Guilf War, he entered the selection progam, but withdrew on the secons dsay of the 21 – days assesment and selection course for the special forces, telling other recruits that he had injured an ankle .However, in a letter to his superiors, Mc Veigh wrote that he was not ” physically ready .Mc Veigh decided to leave the army
andwas honorably discharged in 1991.
Mc Veigh wrote letters to local newspaper´s complaining about faxes. in 1992 ,he wrote.:
” Taxes are a joke. Regardless of what a political candidate “promises ” they will increase more taxess are always the answer to government missmanagement . They mess up. We suffer. Taxes are reaching cataclysmic levels, with no slwodown in sight . Is a civil war imminent? Do we have to shed blood to reforme the current system?I hope it doesn´t com to that . But it might “Mc Veigh also wrote to Representive Jonh J. LasFalco( D – New york)comlaining about the arrest of a women for carrying mace.
“It is a lie if we tell ourselves that the police can protect us everywhere at al ltimes .Firearms restrictions are bad enough, but now a women can´t even carry mace in her purse?”
McVeigh reportedly complained that the army had implanted a microship into his buttocks so that the guvernment could keep track of him. Mc Veigh worked long hours in dead- end job.and felt that he did not have a home. he sought romance, but his advances were rejected by a co -worker and he felt nervous around women . He believed that he brought too much pain to his loved ones .He grew angry and frustrated at his difficulties in findin a girlfriend.
He took up obessive gambling , unable to pay gambling debts, He took a cash advance and then defaulted on his repayments.He began looking for a state with low taxes so that he could live without heavy gorvernment regulation or high Taxes .
He became enraged when the gorvernment told him that he had been overpaid $1,058 while in the Army and he had to pay back the money .
He wrote an angy letter to the government,saying:
“Go ahead, take everythinng i own,take my dignity, feel good as you grow fat and rich at my expense ,sucking my tax dollars and property”
Mc Veigh moved out of his fathers house and into an apartement that had no telephone,this made it impossible for his employer to contact him for overtime assignments .He quit the National Rifle Association(NRA) believing that it was too week on gun rights .
In 1993, McVeigh drove to Waco ,Texas during the Waco siege. to show his support at the scene, he distributed pro-gun rights literature and bumper stickers baring slogans as such as “when guns are outlawed it will become an outlaw” he told student reporter.
” The Government is afraid of the guns people have beacause they have to have control of the people at all times. Once you take away the guns, tyou can do anything to the people. you give them an inch and they take a mile.I believe we are slowly turning into a socialist government. The gorvernment is continally growing bigger and more powerfuland the people need to prepare to defend themselves against government control”
For the five months following the waco siege , McVeigh worked at gun shows. and handed out free cards printed with Lon Horiuchi´s name and andress .
“in hope somebody in the patriot movement would assassinate the sharpshotter “Horiuchi is an FBI sniper and some of his official action have drawen controversy,specifically his shooting and killing of Randy Weaver´s wife while she held an infant child .McVeigh wrote hate mail to Horiuchi , suggesting that ” what goes around ,comes around”
later considered putting aside his plan to target the Murrah Building to target Horiuchi or a member of his familiy instead.
Lon Tomothisa Horiuchi
Radal “Randy” Weaver.
McVeigh became a fixture on the gun show circuit,traveling to forty states and visting about eightygun shows.He found that the futher west he went , the more anti-government sentiment he enconountered at least until he got to what he called.” the people´s socialist Republic of california”McVeigh sold survival items and copies of the turner diaries one author said .
In the gun show culture, Mc Veigh found a home . though he remained skeptical of some of the most extreme ideas being- bandied around, he liked talking to people there about the United Nations,the federal government, and possible treats to America Liberty.
McVeigh had a road atlas with hand-drawn designations of the most likely places for nuclear attacks and considered bying property in Seligman ,Arizona.wich he determined to be an ” nuclear -free zone”
McVeigh lived with michael fortier in kingman , Arizona .He experimented with cannabis and methamphetamine after first researching their effects in an encyclopedia. He was never interested in drugs as fortier was ,and one of the the reasons they parted ways was that mc veigh grew tired of fortier´s drug habits.
Michael fortier
In April 1993 , McVeigh headed for a farm in Michigan where former roomate Terry Nichols lived .In between watching coverage of the Waco siege on TV ,Nichols and his brother began teaching McVeigh how to make explosives by combining household chemicals in plastic jugs.The destruction of the Waco compound enraged McVeigh and convinced him that it ras time to take action
.He was particularly angered by the government´s use of CS gas on women and children , he had been exposed to gas as part of his military training and was familiar with its effects. the disappearance of certain evidence, such as the bullet -riddled steel-reinforced front door to the complex ,led him to suspect a cover up.
Terry Nichols
McVeigh´s anti -government rhetoric became more radical .He began to sell Bureau of Alcohol,tobacco,firearms explosives ( ATF) hats riddled with bullet holes and a flare gun that he said could shoot down an “ATF helicopter”.He produced videos detailing the governments´s action at Waco and handed out pamphlets with titles such as “U.S Government Initialates open Warfare against American People” and ” Waco shootout Evokes memory of Warsaw ´43″ He began changing his answering machine greeting every couple of weeks to various quotes by patrick henry , such as “give me liberty or give me death”. He began experimenting with making pipe bombs . and other small explosive devices the government imposed new firearms restrictions in 1994.wich McVeigh believed threatened his livelihood.
McVeigh dissociated himself from his boyhood friend steve hodge by sending him a 23 -page farewell letter. He proclaimed his devotion to the United states Declaration of Independence, explaining in detail what each sentence meant to him .
McVeigh declared that :” Those who betray or subvert the constitution are guilty of sedition and / or treason, are domestic enemies and should and will be punished accordingly.It also stands to reason that anyoine who sympathizes with the enemy or gives aid or comfort to said enemy is likewise guilty. I have sworn to uphold and defend the constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic and i will . and i will bevausen ot only did i swear to, but i believe in what i t stands for in every bit of my heart, soul and being I know in my heart that i am right in my struggle , steve. i have com to peace with myself, my god and my cause. blood will flow in the streets, streve. good vs evil . free men vs socialist wannabe slaves , pray it is not your blood , my friend.”
McVeigh told Fortier oif his plans to blow up a federal building , but fortier declined to participate ,fortier also told his wife about the plan
McVeigh composed two letters to the Bureau of alcohol,tobacco and firearms.the first titled “constitutional Defenders”
and the second “ATF read” He denounced government officials as “fascist tyrants ” and ” storm troopers” and warned.
“ATF , all you tyrannical mother fuckers will swing in the wind on day for your treasonous actions against the constitution of the United sates remember the Nuremberg War trials.
McVeigh also wrote a letter to recruit a customer named steve colbern.
McVeigh began announcing that he had progressed from the” propaganda” phase to the “action” phase. He wrote to his Michigan friend Gwendsa stirder ” have certain other ” militant “talents that are in short supply and greatly demanded.”
According to McVeigh´s authorized biography, he decided that he could make the loudest statement by bombing a federal building.
After the bombing , He was ambivalent about his act and the deaths caused,as he said in letters to his hometown newspaper , he sometimes wished that he had carried out a series of assassinations against police and government officials instead.
Working at a lakersid capground near McVeigh´´s army post , he and nichols construted an ANFO explosive device mounted in the back of a rented Ryder truck. The bomb consisted of about 5.000 pounds(2.300 kg) of ammonium nitrate and nitromethane
April 19,1995.
McVeigh drove the truck to the front of the Alfred P Murrah Federal Building just as its offices opened for the day .Before arriving,he stopped to light a two -minute fuse.at 09.02 a large explosion destroyed the north half of the building. It killed 168 people inclucding 19 children in the daycare center on the second floor ,and injured 684 others .
The Alfred P ,Murah Federal Builing./ Oklahoma City bombing.
MC Veigh said about the victims.
” to these people in Oklahoma who have lost a loved one,I´m sorry but it happens every day.you´r not the first mother to lose a kid, or the first grandparents to lose a grandson or a granddaughter.It happens everyday, somewhere in the world.Im not going to go into that courtroom,curl into a fetal ball and cry just because the victims want me to do that .
The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist truck bombing of the Alfred P.Murrah Federal building in Oklahoma city ,Oklahoma united states. on April 19,1995. the second anniversary of the fiery end to the waco siege .it was the deadliest act of terrorism in U.S historiy until the september 11 attacks in 2001 . surpassed it . it remains the dedliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S history and is the second-deadliest act of terrorissm to occur in the U.S overall .
Perpetrated by two anti -government extremists and white supremacists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols the bombing occured at 09.02.a.m and killed at least 168 people ,injured more than 680 others, and destroyed more than one -third of the building, wich had to be demolished. the blast destroyed or damaged 324 other buildings within a 16.block radius, shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, and desroyed 86 cars .causing an estimated $652 million worth of damage.
Within 90 minutes of the explosion , McVeigh was stopped by Oklahoma highway patrolman . charlie hanger for driving without a license plate and arrested for illegal weapons possession.forensic evidence quickly linked McVeigh and Nichols to the attack . Nichols was arrested and within days ,both were charged. michael and lori fortier were later identifed as accomplices .
McVeigh and Terry nichols arrested.
Michael and lori were later identified as accomplices .
Nichols had assisted with the bomb´s preperation.motivated by his dislike for the U.S federal government and unhappy about its handling of the the ruby ridgde incident in 1992 an the waco siege in 1993.
Ruby Ridge was the site of an eleven -day siege in 1992 in boundy county Idaho. it began august 21 . when deputies of the united states marshals service came to arest randy weaver under a bench warrant after his failure to appear on federal firearms charges .
McVeigt timed his attack to coincide with the second anniversary of the fire that ended the siege at the branch davididian coumpound in Waco,Texas.
the waco siege also known as the waco massacre.was the law enforcement siege of the compound that belonged to the religouse cult branche davidians. or the General association of branch davidian seventh- dy adventists.
The official FBI investigation , known as ” OKBOMB” . involved 28, interviews , 3.5 short tons (3.300 kg) of evidence and nearly one billion pieces of information . when the FBI raided McVeigh´s home , it found a a telephone number that led them to a farm where McVeigh had purchased supplies for the bombing. The bombers were tried and convicted In 1997 sentenced to death.McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on june 11. 2001.at the U.S federal penitentiary in Terre haute ,Indiana .
Nichols was sentenced to life in prison . in 2004
Michael and lori fortier testified against McVeigh and Nichols
Michael fortier was sentenced to 12 years in prison for failing to warn the Unites states government
Lori fortier recieved immunity from proscution in exchange for her testimony.
On April 19, 2000 the Oklahoma City National memorial was dedicated on the site of the Murrah Federal Building ,commemorating the victims of the bombing. Rembreance services are held every year on April §9 , at the time of the explosion .
Timothy McVeigh and Terry nichols met in 1988 at Fort Benning during basic training for the U.S army.
McVeigh met michael fortieras his army roomate.
the three shared interests in survivalism.
McVeigh and nichols were radicalized by white supremacist and antigovernment propaganda.
They expressed anger at the federal government´s handling of the 1992 federal bureau of investigationstandoff with Randy weaver at Ruby Ridge as well as the waco siege,a 51-day standoff in 1993 between the FBI and Branch Davidian member´s that began with a botched Bureau of alcohol,tobacco, and firearms, attempt to execute search warrant.
There was a firefight and ultimately a siege of the compound, resuting in the burning and shooting deaths of David Koresh and 75 others .
In march 1993 McVeigh vistited the Waco site during the standoff, and again after the siege ended. He later decided to bomb a federal building as a response to the raids and to protect what he believed to be US government efforts to restrict rights of private citizens, in particular those under the second amendment
McVeigh believed that federal agents were acting like soldiers , thus making an attack on a federal building an attack oin ther command center.
Alfred P.Murrah Federal Building as it appeared befor its destruction.
McVeigh claimed he sometimes regretted not carrying out an assassination campaign.He initially intended to destroy only a federal building., but he later decided that his message would be more powerfull if many people were killed in the bombing.
McVeigh´s criterion for attack sites was that the target should hosue at least two of these three federal law enforcement agencies.the Bureau of alcohol,tobacco,andfirearms (ATF)the federal bureau of investigation (FBI) and the Drug enforcement administration( DEA)
He regarded the presence of additional law enforcement agencies,such as the secret service or the U.S .Marsshals service ,as bonus.
McVeigh chose the murrah building because he expected its glass front to shatter under the impact of the blast.He also believed that its adjancent the occupants of nearby non-federal buildings.In addition McVeigh believed that the open space around the building would provide better photo opportunities for propaganda purposes.He planed the attack for April 19 .1995., to coincide with not only the second anniversary of the waco siege but also the 22th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution.
A detailed map of herrington ,kansas.the general location where McVeig and Nichols stored the ammonium mitrate fertilizer used for the construction of the bomb. The actual location of the storage unit was located alond US highway 77. adjacent to a Pizza Hut
McVeigh and nichols purschased or stole materials they needed to manufacture the bomb, and stored them in rented sheds.In August 1994.
McVeigh obtained nine, binary-explosive kinestiks from gun collector Roger E.Moore and with Nichols ignited the devices outside Nichols home in Herington,kansas.
On September 30, 1994, Nichols bought forty 50-pound (23 kg) bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer from Mid-Kansas Coop in McPherson, Kansas, enough to fertilize 12.5 acres (5.1 hectares) of farmland at a rate of 160 pounds (73 kg) of nitrogen per acre (.4 ha), an amount commonly used for corn. Nichols bought an additional 50-pound (23 kg) bag on October 18, 1994. McVeigh approached Fortier and asked him to assist with the bombing project, but he refused.
McVeigh and Nichols robbed Moore in his home of $60,000 worth of guns, gold, silver, and jewels, transporting the property in the victim’s van.McVeigh wrote Moore a letter in which he claimed that government agents had committed the robbery.Items stolen from Moore were later found in Nichols’s home and in a storage shed he had rented
In october 1994,McVeigh showed michael and his wife lori fortier a diagram he had drawn of the bomb he wanted to build.
McVeigh planned to construct a bomb
containing more than 5.000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer mixed with about 1,200 pounds (540 kg) of liquid nitromethane
350 pounds (160 kg) of Tovex .
including the weight of the sixteen 55-U.S-gallon drums. in witch the explosive mixture was to be packed, the bomb would have a combined weight of about 7,000 pounds (3.200 kg) McVeigh originally intended to use hydrazine rocket fuel, but it proved too expensive.
McVeigh and his accomplices then attempted to purchase 55-U.S.-gallon (46 imp gal; 210 L) drums of nitromethane at various NHRA Drag Racing Series events during the season. His first attempt was at the Sears Craftsman Nationals, held at Heartland Motorsports Park in Pauline, Kansas. World Wide Racing Fuels representative Steve LeSueur, one of three dealers of nitromethane, was at his unit when he noted a “young man in fatigues” wanted to purchase nitromethane and hydrazine. Another fuel salesman, Glynn Tipton, of VP Racing Fuels, testified on May 1, 1997, about McVeigh’s attempts to purchase both nitromethane and hydrazine.
After the event, Tipton informed Wade Gray of Texas Allied Chemical, a chemical agent for VP Racing Fuels, who informed Tipton of the explosiveness of a nitromethane and hydrazine mixture. McVeigh, using an assumed name, then called Tipton’s office. Suspicious of his behavior, Tipton refused to sell McVeigh the fuel.
The next round of the NHRA championship tour was the Chief Auto Parts Nationals at the Texas Motorplex in Ennis, Texas, where McVeigh posed as a motorcycle racer and attempted to purchase nitromethane on the pretext that he and some fellow bikers needed it for racing. But there were no nitromethane-powered motorcycles at the meeting, and he did not have an NHRA competitors’ license. LeSeuer again refused to sell McVeigh the fuel because he was suspicious of McVeigh’s actions and attitudes, but VP Racing Fuels representative Tim Chambers sold McVeigh three barrels. Chambers questioned the purchase of three barrels, when typically only 1–5 gallons would be purchased by a Top Fuel Harley rider, and the class was not even raced that weekend.
john Van Leeuwen shoots a spot on the remains of the Alfred P.Murrah Federal building He´s standing beneath the American Elm that became known as the “survivors Tree” in the weeks fowllowing the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19,1995.
McVeigh rented a storage space in which he stockpiled seven crates of 18-inch-long (46 cm) Tovex “sausages”, 80 spools of shock tube, and 500 electric blasting caps, which he and Nichols had stolen from a Martin Marietta Aggregates quarry in Marion, Kansas.
He decided not to steal any of the 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) he found at the scene, as he did not believe it was powerful enough (he did obtain 17 bags of ANFO from another source for use in the bomb). McVeigh made a prototype bomb that was detonated in the desert to avoid detection
On April 14, 1995, McVeigh paid for a motel room at the Dreamland Motel in Junction City, Kansas. The next day, he rented a 1993 Ford F-700 truck from Ryder under the name Robert D. Kling, an alias he adopted because he knew an Army soldier named Kling with whom he shared physical characteristics, and because it reminded him of the Klingon warriors of Star Trek.
On April 16, 1995, he and Nichols drove to Oklahoma City, where he parked a getaway car, a yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis, several blocks from the Murrah Federal Building.The nearby Regency Towers Apartments’ lobby security camera recorded images of Nichols’s blue 1984 GMC pickup truck on April 16.
After removing the car’s license plate, mc veigh left a note covering the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) plate that read, “Not abandoned. Please do not tow. Will move by April 23. (Needs battery & cable).”Both men then returned to Kansas.
On April 17–18, 1995, McVeigh and Nichols removed the bomb supplies from their storage unit in Herington, Kansas, where Nichols lived, and loaded them into the Ryder rental truck. They then drove to Geary Lake State Park, where they nailed boards onto the floor of the truck to hold the 13 barrels in place and mixed the chemicals using plastic buckets and a bathroom scale.
Each filled barrel weighed nearly 500 pounds (230 kg).[McVeigh added more explosives to the driver’s side of the cargo bay, which he could ignite (killing himself in the process) at close range with his Glock 21 pistol in case the primary fuses failed. During McVeigh’s trial, Lori Fortier stated that McVeigh claimed to have arranged the barrels in order to form a shaped charge.
This was achieved by tamping (placing material against explosives opposite the target of the explosion) the aluminum side panel of the truck with bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to direct the blast laterally towards the building. Specifically, McVeigh arranged the barrels in the shape of a backwards J; he later said that for pure destructive power, he would have put the barrels on the side of the cargo bay closest to the Murrah Building; however, such an unevenly distributed 7,000-pound (3,200 kg) load might have broken an axle, flipped the truck over, or at least caused it to lean to one side, which could have drawn attention.All or most of the barrels of ANNM contained metal cylinders of acetylene intended to increase the fireball and the brisance of the explosion.
McVeigh then added a dual-fuse ignition system accessible from the truck’s front cab. He drilled two holes in the cab of the truck under the seat, while two holes were also drilled in the body of the truck.
One green cannon fuse was run through each hole into the cab. These time-delayed fuses led from the cab through plastic fish-tank tubing conduit to two sets of non-electric blasting caps which would ignite around 350 pounds (160 kg) of the high-grade explosives that McVeigh stole from a rock quarry.
The tubing was painted yellow to blend in with the truck’s livery, and duct-taped in place to the wall to make it harder to disable by yanking from the outside. The fuses were set up to initiate, through shock tubes, the 350 pounds (160 kg) of Tovex Blastrite Gel sausages, which would in turn set off the configuration of barrels.Of the 13 filled barrels,nine contained ammonium nitrate and nitromethane.
And four contained a mixture of the fertilizer and about 4 U.S. gallons (3.3 imp gal; 15 L) of diesel fuel. Additional materials and tools used for manufacturing the bomb were left in the truck to be destroyed in the blast.After finishing the truck bomb, the two men separated; Nichols returned home to Herington and McVeigh traveled with the truck to Junction City. The bomb cost about $5000 (equivalent to $9,000 in 2021) to make.
McVeigh´s movement in the Ryder truck ( red dashed line) and escape on foot (Blue dashed line) on the day of the bombing.
McVeigh’s original plan had been to detonate the bomb at 11:00 a.m., but at dawn on April 19, 1995, he decided instead to destroy the building at 9:00 a.m.
As he drove toward the Murrah Federal Building in the Ryder truck, McVeigh carried with him an envelope containing pages from The Turner Diaries – a fictional account of white supremacists who ignite a revolution by blowing up the FBI headquarters at 9:15 one morning using a truck bomb.
McVeigh wore a printed T-shirt with Sic semper tyrannis (“Thus always to tyrants”)-what according to legend Brutus said as he assassinated Julius Caesar and is also claimed to have been shouted by John Wilkes Booth immediately after the assassinationof Abraham Lincoln-and “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants” (from Thomas Jefferson).
He also carried an envelope full of revolutionary materials that included a bumper sticker with the slogan, falsely attributed[61] to Thomas Jefferson, “When the government fears the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny.” Underneath, McVeigh had written, “Maybe now, there will be liberty!” with a hand-copied quote by John Locke asserting that a man has a right to kill someone who takes away his liberty
McVeigh entered Oklahoma City at 8:50 a.m. At 8:57 a.m., the Regency Towers Apartments’ lobby security camera that had recorded Nichols’s pickup truck three days earlier recorded the Ryder truck heading towards the Murrah Federal Building.
At the same moment, McVeigh lit the five-minute fuse. Three minutes later, still a block away, he lit the two-minute fuse. He parked the Ryder truck in a drop-off zone situated under the building’s day-care center, exited and locked the truck. As he headed to his getaway vehicle, he dropped the keys to the truck a few blocks away.
At 9:02 a.m. (14:02 UTC), the Ryder truck, containing over 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg)of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane, and diesel fuel mixture, detonated in front of the north side of the nine-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.
168 people were killed and hundreds more injured. One third of the building was destroyed by the explosion, which created a 30-foot-wide (9.1 m), 8-foot-deep (2.4 m) crater on NW 5th Street next to the building. The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 4-block radius, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings.
The broken glass alone accounted for 5 percent of the death total and 69 percent of the injuries outside the Murrah Federal Building. The blast destroyed or burned 86 cars around the site. The destruction of the buildings left several hundred people homeless and shut down a number of offices in downtown Oklahoma City. The explosion was estimated to have caused at least $652 million worth of damage.
The effects of the blast were equivalent to over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of TNT, and could be heard and felt up to 55 miles (89 km) away. Seismometers at the Omniplex Science Museum in Oklahoma City, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) away, and in Norman, Oklahoma, 16.1 miles (25.9 km) away, recorded the blast as measuring approximately 3.0 on the Richter magnitude scale.
The collapse of the northern half of the building took roughly 7 seconds. As the truck exploded, it first destroyed the column next to it, designated as G20, and shattered the entire glass facade of the building. The shockwave of the explosion forced the lower floors upwards, before the fourth and fifth floors collapsed onto the third floor, which housed a transfer beam that ran the length of the building and was being supported by four pillars below and was supporting the pillars that hold the upper floors. The added weight meant that the third floor gave way along with the transfer beam, which in turn caused the collapse of the building.
Initially, the FBI had three hypotheses about responsibility for the bombing: international terrorists, possibly the same group that had carried out the World Trade Center bombing
a drug cartel, carrying out an act of vengeance against DEA agents in the building’s DEA office and anti-government radicals attempting to start a rebellion against the federal government.
McVeigh was arrested within 90 minutes of the explosion, as he was traveling north on Interstate 35 near Perry in Noble County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped McVeigh for driving his yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis without a license plate, and arrested him for having a concealed weapon.
For his home address, McVeigh falsely claimed he resided at Terry Nichols’s brother James’s house in Michigan.After booking McVeigh into jail, Trooper Hanger searched his patrol car and found a business card which had been concealed by McVeigh after being handcuffed. Written on the back of the card, which was from a Wisconsin military surplus store, were the words “TNT at $5 a stick. Need more.”The card was later used as evidence during McVeigh’s trial.
FBI sketch (left) and McVeigh (right)
While investigating the VIN on an axle of the truck used in the explosion and the remnants of the license plate, federal agents were able to link the truck to a specific Ryder rental agency in Junction City, Kansas. Using a sketch created with the assistance of Eldon Elliot, owner of the agency, the agents were able to implicate McVeigh in the bombing.
McVeigh was also identified by Lea McGown of the Dreamland Motel, who remembered him parking a large yellow Ryder truck in the lot; McVeigh had signed in under his real name at the motel, using an address that matched the one on his forged license and the charge sheet at the Perry Police Station.
Before signing his real name at the motel, McVeigh had used false names for his transactions. However, McGown noted, “People are so used to signing their own name that when they go to sign a phony name, they almost always go to write, and then look up for a moment as if to remember the new name they want to use. That’s what McVeigh did, and when he looked up I started talking to him, and it threw him
After an April 21, 1995 court hearing on the gun charges, but before McVeigh’s release, federal agents took him into custody as they continued their investigation into the bombing.
Rather than talk to investigators about the bombing, McVeigh demanded an attorney. Having been tipped off by the arrival of police and helicopters that a bombing suspect was inside, a restless crowd began to gather outside the jail. While McVeigh’s requests for a bulletproof vest or transport by helicopter were denied,authorities did use a helicopter to transport him from Perry to Oklahoma City.
McVeigh about tio exit the perry, oklahoma, courthouse on April 21 ,1995
Federal agents obtained a warrant to search the house of McVeigh’s father, Bill, after which they broke down the door and wired the house and telephone with listening devices.
FBI investigators used the resulting information gained, along with the fake address McVeigh had been using, to begin their search for the Nichols brothers, Terry and James.
On April 21, 1995, Terry Nichols learned that he was being hunted, and turned himself in. Investigators discovered incriminating evidence at his home: ammonium nitrate and blasting caps, the electric drill used to drill out the locks at the quarry, books on bomb-making, a copy of Hunter (a 1989 novel by William Luther Pierce, the founder and chairman of the National Alliance, a white nationalist group)
and a hand-drawn map of downtown Oklahoma City, on which the Murrah Building and the spot where McVeigh’s getaway car was hidden were marked.
After a nine-hour interrogation, Terry Nichols was formally held in federal custody until his trial.
On April 25, 1995, James Nichols was also arrested, but he was released after 32 days due to lack of evidence.McVeigh’s sister Jennifer was accused of illegally mailing ammunition to McVeigh,but she was granted immunity in exchange for testifying against him.
A Jordanian-American man traveling from his home in Oklahoma City to visit family in Jordan on April 19, 1995, was detained and questioned by the FBI at the airport. Several Arab-American groups criticized the FBI for racial profiling, and the subsequent media coverage for publicizing the man’s name.Attorney General Reno denied claims that the federal government relied on racial profiling, while FBI director Louis J. Freeh told a press conference that the man was never a suspect, and was instead treated as a “witness” to the Oklahoma City bombing, who assisted the government’s investigation.
An estimated 646 people were inside the building when the bomb exploded.By the end of the day, 14 adults and six children were confirmed dead, and over 100 injured. The toll eventually reached 168 confirmed dead, not including an unmatched left leg that could have belonged to an unidentified 169th victim.Most of the deaths resulted from the collapse of the building, rather than the bomb blast itself.
Those killed included 163 who were in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, one person in the Athenian Building, one woman in a parking lot across the street, a man and woman in the Oklahoma Water Resources building and a rescue worker struck on the head by debris
The victims ranged in age from three months to 73 years and included three pregnant women.Of the dead, 108 worked for the Federal government
Peolple across local area, then the country ,rushed to help at the scene.
The victims also included 19 children of whom were in America´s kids day care center . the bodies ov the 168 victims were identified at a temporary morgue set up at the scene
A team of 24 identifed the victims using full body X-rays, dental esxaminations, fingerprinting, blood tests,and DNA testing.
More than 680 people were injured. the majority of the injures were abrasions, severe burns ,and bone fractures.
McVeigh later aknowledged the casualties ,saying ” i didn´t define the rules of engagement in this conflict.The rules , if not written down,are defined by the aggressor. it was brutal, no holds barred . women and kids were killed at waco and Ruby Ridge .you ut back in the the governments faces exactly what they´re giving out ” he later stated ” i wanted the government to hurt like people of waco and Ruby Ridge had .
A memorial sceremony is held on evert anniversary- during the the covid pandemic it was streamed online.
At 9:03 a.m. the first of over 1,800 ,911 calls related to the bombing was received by Emergency Medical Services authorities ( EMSA) by the time EMSA ambulances,police , and firefigthers had heard the blast andwere already headed to the scene nearby civilllians, who had also wittnessed or heard the blast, arrived to assist the victims and emergency workers.
Within 23 minutes of the bombing , the state Emergency Operations center (SEOC) consisting of representatives from the state departements of public safety, human services , military, health and education, assisting the SEOC were agencies including the National weather service, the Air force ,the Civil Air patrol , and the American Red cross. immediate assistance also came from 455 members of the Oklahoma national guard , who arrived within the hour to provide secrity ,and from
members of the departement of Civil Emergency Management.
Terrance Yeakey and Jim Ramsey from Oklahoma City police departement ,were among the first officers to arrive at the site.
Several cast and crew members filming for the 1996 movie Twister paused filming to come help with the recovery efforts.
U.S Air force personnel and firefighters removing rubble in the rescue attempt .
The EMS command post was set up almost immediately following the attack and oversaw triage, treatment, transportation, and decontamination.
A simple plan/objective was established: treatment and transportation of the injured was to be done as quickly as possible, supplies and personnel to handle a large number of patients was needed immediately, the dead needed to be moved to a temporary morgue until they could be transferred to the coroner’s office, and measures for a long-term medical operation needed to be established.
The triage center was set up near the Murrah Building and all the wounded were directed there. Two hundred and ten patients were transported from the primary triage center to nearby hospitals within the first couple of hours following the bombing.
Within the first hour, 50 people were rescued from the Murrah Federal Building.Victims were sent to every hospital in the area. The day of the bombing, 153 people were treated at St. Anthony Hospital, eight blocks from the blast, over 70 people were treated at Presbyterian Hospital, 41 people were treated at University Hospital, and 18 people were treated at Children’s Hospital.
Temporary silences were observed at the blast site so that sensitive listening devices capable of detecting human heartbeats could be used to locate survivors. In some cases, limbs had to be amputated without anesthetics (avoided because of the potential to induce shock) in order to free those trapped under rubble.[The scene had to be periodically evacuated as the police received tips claiming that other bombs had been planted in the building.
At 10:28 a.m., rescuers found what they believed to be a second bomb. Some rescue workers refused to leave until police ordered the mandatory evacuation of a four-block area around the site The device was determined to be a three-foot (.9-m) long TOW missile used in the training of federal agents and bomb-sniffing dogs;although actually inert, it had been marked “live” in order to mislead arms traffickers in a planned law enforcement sting.
On examination the missile was determined to be inert, and relief efforts resumed 45 minutes later.The last survivor, a 15-year-old girl found under the base of the collapsed building, was rescued at around 7 p.m.
In the days following the blast, over 12,000 people participated in relief and rescue operations. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) activated 11 of its Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces, bringing in 665 rescue workers. One nurse was killed in the rescue attempt after she was hit on the head by debris, and 26 other rescuers were hospitalized because of various injuries.Twenty-four K-9 units and out-of-state dogs were brought in to search for survivors and bodies in the building debris.In an effort to recover additional bodies, 100 to 350 short tons (91 to 318 t) of rubble were removed from the site each day from April 24 to 29.
The Aldfred P. Murrah Building is demolished on May,23 1995,over a month after the indicent . the bomb was housed in a Ryder truck similar to the one visible in the lower left of the photograph.
Rescue and recovery efforts were concluded at 12:05 a.m. on May 5, by which time the bodies of all but three of the victims had been recovered.
For safety reasons, the building was initially slated to be demolished shortly afterward. McVeigh’s attorney, Stephen Jones, filed a motion to delay the demolition until the defense team could examine the site in preparation for the trial
.At 7:02 a.m. on May 23, more than a month after the bombing, the Murrah Federal building was demolished.The EMS Command Center remained active and was staffed 24 hours a day until the demolition.The final three bodies to be recovered were those of two credit union employees and a customer.
For several days after the building’s demolition, trucks hauled away 800 short tons (730 t) of debris a day from the site. Some of the debris was used as evidence in the conspirators’ trials, incorporated into memorials, donated to local schools, or sold to raise funds for relief efforts
The national humanitarian response was immediate, and in some cases even overwhelming. Large numbers of items such as wheelbarrows, bottled water, helmet lights, knee pads, rain gear, and even football helmets were donated.The sheer quantity of such donations caused logistical and inventory control problems until drop-off centers were set up to accept and sort the goodsThe Oklahoma Restaurant Association, which was holding a trade show in the city, assisted rescue workers by providing 15,000 to 20,000 meals over ten days.
The Salvation Army served over 100,000 meals and provided over 100,000 ponchos, gloves, hard hats, and knee pads to rescue workers.Local residents and those from further afield responded to the requests for blood donations.Of the over 9,000 units of blood donated, 131 were used; the rest were stored in blood banks.
The bombing in Oklahoma City was an attack on innocent children and defenseless citizens. It was an act of cowardice and it was evil. The United States will not tolerate it, and I will not allow the people of this
country to be intimidated by evil cowards.
He ordered that flags for all federal buildings be flown at half-staff for 30 days in remembrance of the victims.Four days later, on April 23, 1995, Clinton spoke from Oklahoma City.
No major federal financial assistance was made available to the survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing, but the Murrah Fund set up in the wake of the bombing attracted over $300,000 in federal grants.
Over $40 million was donated to the city to aid disaster relief and to compensate the victims. Funds were initially distributed to families who needed it to get back on their feet, and the rest was held in trust for longer-term medical and psychological needs. By 2005, $18 million of the donations remained, some of which was earmarked to provide a college education for each of the 219 children who lost one or both parents in the bombing. A committee chaired by Daniel Kurtenbach of Goodwill Industries provided financial assistance to the survivors.
International reactions to the bombing varied. President Clinton received many messages of sympathy, including those from Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Yasser Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization, and P. V. Narasimha Rao of India. Iran condemned the bombing as an attack on innocent people, but also blamed the U.S. government’s policies for inciting it. Other condolences came from Russia, Canada, Australia, the United Nations, and the European Union, among other nations and organizations.
Several countries offered to assist in both the rescue efforts and the investigation. France offered to send a special rescue unit,and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin offered to send agents with anti-terrorist expertise to help in the investigation. President Clinton declined Israel’s offer, believing that accepting it would increase anti-Muslim sentiments and endanger Muslim-Americans.
In the wake of the bombing, the national media focused on the fact that 19 of the victims had been babies and children, many in the day-care center. At the time of the bombing, there were 100 day-care centers in the United States in 7,900 federal buildings.
McVeigh later stated that he was unaware of the day-care center when choosing the building as a target, and if he had known “… it might have given me pause to switch targets. That’s a large amount of collateral damage.” The FBI stated that McVeigh scouted the interior of the building in December 1994 and likely knew of the day-care center before the bombing.
In April 2010, Joseph Hartzler, the prosecutor at McVeigh’s trial, questioned how McVeigh could have decided to pass over a prior target building because of a florist shop but at the Murrah building, not “… notice that there’s a child day-care center there, that there was a credit union there and a Social Security office
Pulitzer Prize-winning photo taken by Charles Porter IV on April 19, 1995 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma following the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The photo was distributed by The Associated Press.
Schools across the country were dismissed early and ordered closed. A photograph of firefighter Chris Fields emerging from the rubble with infant Baylee Almon, who later died in a nearby hospital, was reprinted worldwide and became a symbol of the attack. The photo, taken by bank employee Charles H. Porter IV, won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and appeared on newspapers and magazines for months following the attack.
Aren Almon Kok, mother of Baylee Almon, said of the photo: “It was very hard to go to stores because they are in the check out aisle. It was always there. It was devastating. Everybody had seen my daughter dead. And that’s all she became to them. She was a symbol. She was the girl in the fireman’s arms. But she was a real person that got left behind.”
The images and media reports of children dying terrorized many children who, as demonstrated by later research, showed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.Children became a primary focus of concern in the mental health response to the bombing and many bomb-related services were delivered to the community, young and old alike. These services were delivered to public schools of Oklahoma and reached approximately 40,000 students.
One of the first organized mental health activities in Oklahoma City was a clinical study of middle and high school students conducted 7 weeks after the bombing. The study focused on middle and high school students who had no connection or relationship to the victims of the bombing. This study showed that these students, although deeply moved by the event and showing a sense of vulnerability on the matter, had no difficulty with the demands of school or home life, as contrasted to those who were connected to the bombing and its victims, who suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Workers from the oklaho,a state medical eximiners office move a body bag on gurney,April ,1995, in Oklahoma city.
Children were also affected through the loss of parents in the bombing. Many children lost one or both parents in the blast, with a reported seven children losing their only remaining parent. Children of the disaster have been raised by single parents, foster parents, and other family members. Adjusting to the loss has made these children suffer psychologically and emotionally. One orphan who was interviewed (of the at least 10 orphaned children) reported sleepless nights and an obsession with death.
President Clinton stated that after seeing images of babies being pulled from the wreckage, he was “beyond angry” and wanted to “put [his] fist through the television”.Clinton and his wife Hillary requested that aides talk to child care specialists about how to communicate with the children regarding the bombing. President Clinton spoke to the nation three days after the bombing, saying: “I don’t want our children to believe something terrible about life and the future and grownups in general because of this awful thing … most adults are good people who want to protect our children in their childhood and we are going to get through this”.On April 22, 1995, the Clintons spoke in the White House with over 40 federal agency employees and their children, and in a live nationwide television and radio broadcast, addressed their concerns.
A message to the Oklahoma City Fire Department is seen sprayed on a makeshift hut at the bombing cleanup site in downtown Oklahoma City, April 28, 1995,as city firefighters take a break.
Hundreds of news trucks and members of the press arrived at the site to cover the story. The press immediately noticed that the bombing took place on the second anniversary of the Waco incident.
Many initial news stories hypothesized the attack had been undertaken by Islamic terrorists, such as those who had masterminded the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.Some media reported that investigators wanted to question men of Middle Eastern appearance.Hamzi Moghrabi, chairman of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, blamed the media for harassment of Muslims and Arabs that took place after the bombing.
As the rescue effort wound down, the media interest shifted to the investigation, arrests, and trials of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and on the search for an additional suspect named “John Doe Number Two.” Several witnesses claimed to have seen a second suspect, who did not resemble Nichols, with McVeigh.
Those who expressed sympathy for McVeigh typically described his deed as an act of war, as in the case of Gore Vidal’s essay The Meaning of Timothy McVeigh.
People injured in the blast at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City gather near the explosion site, April 19, 1995.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) led the official investigation, known as OKBOMB, with Weldon L. Kennedy acting as special agent in charge.Kennedy oversaw 900 federal, state, and local law enforcement personnel, including 300 FBI agents, 200 officers from the Oklahoma City Police Department, 125 members of the Oklahoma National Guard, and 55 officers from the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety.
The crime task force was deemed the largest since the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy.OKBOMB was the largest criminal case in America’s history, with FBI agents conducting 28,000 interviews, amassing 3.5 short tons (3.2 t) of evidence, and collecting nearly one billion pieces of information.Federal judge Richard Paul Matsch ordered that the venue for the trial be moved from Oklahoma City to Denver, Colorado, citing that the defendants would be unable to receive a fair trial in Oklahoma. The investigation led to the separate trials and convictions of McVeigh, Nichols and Fortier.
Rescue team 5 rembembers the victims who died in the bombing.
Opening statements in McVeigh’s trial began on April 24, 1997. The United States was represented by a team of prosecutors led by Joseph Hartzler. In his opening statement Hartzler outlined McVeigh’s motivations, and the evidence against him.
McVeigh, he said, had developed a hatred of the government during his time in the army, after reading The Turner Diaries. His beliefs were supported by what he saw as the militia’s ideological opposition to increases in taxes and the passage of the Brady Bill, and were further reinforced by the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents .
The prosecution called 137 witnesses, including Michael Fortier and his wife Lori, and McVeigh’s sister, Jennifer McVeigh, all of whom testified to confirm McVeigh’s hatred of the government and his desire to take militant action against it.Both Fortiers testified that McVeigh had told them of his plans to bomb the Alfred P.
Murrah Federal Building. Michael Fortier revealed that McVeigh had chosen the date, and Lori Fortier testified that she had created the false identification card McVeigh used to rent the Ryder truck
McVeigh was represented by a team of six principal attorneys, led by Stephen Jones. According to law professor Douglas O. Linder, McVeigh wanted Jones to present a “necessity defense” – which would argue that he was in “imminent danger” from the government (that his bombing was intended to prevent future crimes by the government, such as the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents).
McVeigh argued that “imminent” does not mean “immediate”: “If a comet is hurtling toward the earth, and it’s out past the orbit of Pluto, it’s not an immediate threat to Earth, but it is an imminent threat.”
Despite McVeigh’s wishes, Jones attempted to discredit the prosecution’s case in an attempt to instill reasonable doubt. Jones also believed that McVeigh was part of a larger conspiracy, and sought to present him as “the designated patsy”,but McVeigh disagreed with Jones arguing that rationale for his defense.
After a hearing, Judge Matsch independently ruled the evidence concerning a larger conspiracy to be too insubstantial to be admissible. In addition to arguing that the bombing could not have been carried out by two men alone, Jones also attempted to create reasonable doubt by arguing that no one had seen McVeigh near the scene of the crime, and that the investigation into the bombing had lasted only two weeks.
Jones presented 25 witnesses, including Frederic Whitehurst, over a one-week period. Although Whitehurst described the FBI’s sloppy investigation of the bombing site and its handling of other key evidence, he was unable to point to any direct evidence that he knew to be contaminated.
A key point of contention in the case was the unmatched left leg found after the bombing. Although it was initially believed to be from a male, it was later determined to belong to Lakesha Levy, a female member of the Air Force who was killed in the bombing
Levy’s coffin had to be re-opened so that her leg could replace another unmatched leg that had previously been buried with her remains. The unmatched leg had been embalmed, which prevented authorities from being able to extract DNA to determine its owner.
Jones argued that the leg could have belonged to another bomber, possibly John Doe No. 2.The prosecution disputed the claim, saying that the leg could have belonged to any one of eight victims who had been buried without a left leg
The downtown streets surrounding the Alfred Murrah Federal Building are swamped by emergency vehicles and personnel, April 20, 1995.
Numerous damaging leaks, which appeared to originate from conversations between McVeigh and his defense attorneys, emerged. They included a confession said to have been inadvertently included on a computer disk that was given to the press, which McVeigh believed seriously compromised his chances of getting a fair trial.
A gag order was imposed during the trial, prohibiting attorneys on either side from commenting to the press on the evidence, proceedings, or opinions regarding the trial proceedings. The defense was allowed to enter into evidence six pages of a 517-page Justice Department report criticizing the FBI crime laboratory and David Williams, one of the agency’s explosives experts, for reaching unscientific and biased conclusions. The report claimed that Williams had worked backward in the investigation rather than basing his determinations on forensic evidence.
The jury deliberated for 23 hours. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was found guilty on 11 counts of murder and conspiracy.Although the defense argued for a reduced sentence of life imprisonment, McVeigh was sentenced to death.
In May 2001, the Justice Department announced that the FBI had mistakenly failed to provide over 3,000 documents to McVeigh’s defense counsel.The Justice Department also announced that the execution would be postponed for one month for the defense to review the documents.
On June 6, federal judge Richard Paul Matsch ruled the documents would not prove McVeigh innocent and ordered the execution to proceed.McVeigh invited conductor David Woodard to perform pre-requiem Mass music on the eve of his execution; while reproachful of McVeigh’s capital wrongdoing, Woodard consented. 240–241 After President George W. Bush approved the execution (McVeigh was a federal inmate and federal law dictates that the president must approve the execution of federal prisoners), he was executed by lethal injection at the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana, on June 11, 2001The execution was transmitted on closed-circuit television so that the relatives of the victims could witness his death.McVeigh’s execution was the first federal execution in 38 years.
An unidentified man stands in the blown-out doorway of a business just a few blocks away from the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building,
April 19, 1995.
Nichols stood trial twice. He was first tried by the federal government in 1997, and found guilty of conspiring to build a weapon of mass destruction and of eight counts of involuntary manslaughter of federal officers.After he was sentenced on June 4,1998, to life without parole, the State of Oklahoma in 2000 sought a death-penalty conviction on 161 counts of first-degree murder (160 non-federal-agent victims and one fetus).
On May 26, 2004, the jury found him guilty on all charges, but deadlocked on the issue of sentencing him to death. Presiding Judge Steven W. Taylor then determined the sentence of 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.In March 2005, FBI investigators, acting on a tip, searched a buried crawl space in Nichols’s former house, and found additional explosives missed in the preliminary search after Nichols was arrested.
Michael and Lori Fortier were considered accomplices for their foreknowledge of the planning of the bombing. In addition to Michael Fortier’s assisting McVeigh in scouting the federal building, Lori Fortier had helped McVeigh laminate the fake driver’s license that was later used to rent the Ryder truck.
Michael Fortier agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence and immunity for his wife.He was sentenced on May 27, 1998, to 12 years in prison, and fined $75,000 for failing to warn authorities about the attack.On January 20, 2006, Fortier was released from prison, transferred into the Witness Protection Program, and given a new identity.
An undentified man holds a towel to his face following the bombing at the Alfred Murrah building in downtown .Oklahoma city, April 19 .1995
No “John Doe #2” was ever identified, nothing conclusive was ever reported regarding the owner of the unmatched leg, and the government never openly investigated anyone else in conjunction with the bombing.
Although the defense teams in both McVeigh’s and Nichols’s trials suggested that others were involved, Judge Steven W. Taylor found no credible, relevant, or legally admissible evidence of anyone other than McVeigh and Nichols having directly participated in the bombing.When McVeigh was asked if there were other conspirators in the bombing, he replied: “You can’t handle the truth! Because the truth is, I blew up the Murrah Building, and isn’t it kind of scary that one man could wreak this kind of hell?”On the morning of McVeigh’s execution a letter was released in which he had written “For those die-hard conspiracy theorists who will refuse to believe this, I turn the tables and say: Show me where I needed anyone else. Financing? Logistics? Specialized tech skills? Brainpower? Strategy? … Show me where I needed a dark, mysterious ‘Mr. X’!
Within 48 hours of the attack, and with the assistance of the General Services Administration (GSA), the targeted federal offices were able to resume operations in other parts of the city.According to Mark Potok, director of Intelligence Project at the Southern Poverty Law Center, his organization tracked another 60 domestic smaller-scale terrorism plots from 1995 to 2005.
Several of the plots were uncovered and prevented while others caused various infrastructure damage, deaths, or other destruction. Potok revealed that in 1996 there were approximately 858 domestic militias and other antigovernment groups but the number had dropped to 152 by 2004.Shortly after the bombing, the FBI hired an additional 500 agents to investigate potential domestic terrorist attacks.
Special Agent Jim Norman (seated, left) was one of the first FBI agents to arrive at the Murrah building after the explosion. He was appointed to supervise the OKBOMB investigation
In the wake of the bombing, the U.S. government enacted several pieces of legislation including the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. In response to the trials of the conspirators being moved out-of-state, the Victim Allocution Clarification Act of 1997 was signed on March 20, 1997 by President Clinton to allow the victims of the bombing (and the victims of any other future acts of violence) the right to observe trials and to offer impact testimony in sentencing hearings. In response to passing the legislation,
Clinton stated that “when someone is a victim, he or she should be at the center of the criminal justice process, not on the outside looking in.”
In the years since the bombing, scientists, security experts, and the ATF have called on Congress to develop legislation that would require customers to produce identification when purchasing ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and for sellers to maintain records of its sale. Critics argue that farmers lawfully use large quantities of the fertilizer,and as of 2009, only Nevada and South Carolina require identification from purchasers.
In June 1995, Congress enacted legislation requiring chemical taggants to be incorporated into dynamite and other explosives so that a bomb could be traced to its manufacturer.In 2008, Honeywell announced that it had developed a nitrogen-based fertilizer that would not detonate when mixed with fuel oil. The company got assistance from the Department of Homeland Security to develop the fertilizer (Sulf-N 26) for commercial use.It uses ammonium sulfate to make the fertilizer less explosive.
The gaping hole in the front of the Alfred Murrah Federal Building is seen from the sky, April 20, 1995, in Oklahoma City.
In the decade following the bombing, there was criticism of Oklahoma public schools for not requiring the bombing to be covered in the curriculum of mandatory Oklahoma history classes. Oklahoma History is a one-semester course required by state law for graduation from high school; however, the bombing was only covered for one to two pages at most in textbooks. The state’s PASS standards (Priority Academic Student Skills) did not require that a student learn about the bombing, and focused more on other subjects such as corruption and the Dust Bowl.On April 6, 2010, House Bill 2750 was signed by Governor Brad Henry, requiring the bombing to be entered into the school curriculum for Oklahoma, U.S. and world history classes.
On the signing,
Governor Henry said, “Although the events of April 19, 1995, may be etched in our minds and in the minds of Oklahomans who remember that day, we have a generation of Oklahomans that has little to no memory of the events of that day…. We owe it to the victims, the survivors and all of the people touched by this tragic event to remember April 19, 1995, and understand what it meant and still means to this state and this nation.”
The site of the building after it was demolished, three months after the bombing
In the weeks following the bombing, the federal government ordered that all federal buildings in all major cities be surrounded with prefabricated Jersey barriers to prevent similar attacks.As part of a longer-term plan for United States federal building security, most of those temporary barriers have since been replaced with permanent and more aesthetically considerate security barriers, which are driven deep into the ground for sturdiness.Furthermore, all new federal buildings must now be constructed with truck-resistant barriers and with deep setbacks from surrounding streets to minimize their vulnerability to truck bombs.
FBI buildings, for instance, must be set back 100 feet (30 m) from traffic.The total cost of improving security in federal buildings across the country in response to the bombing reached over $600 million.
The Murrah Federal Building had been considered so safe that it only employed one security guard.In June 1995, the DOJ issued Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities, also known as The Marshals Report, the findings of which resulted in a thorough evaluation of security at all federal buildings and a system for classifying risks at over 1,300 federal facilities owned or leased by the federal government.
Nineteen of those who died were children, most of whom had been in the building’s daycare centre
Federal sites were divided into five security levels ranging from Level 1 (minimum security needs) to Level 5 (maximum).The Alfred P. Murrah Building was deemed a Level 4 buildingAmong the 52 security improvements were physical barriers, closed-circuit television monitoring, site planning and access, hardening of building exteriors to increase blast resistance, glazing systems to reduce flying glass shards and fatalities, and structural engineering design to prevent progressive collapse.
The attack led to engineering improvements allowing buildings to better withstand tremendous forces, improvements which were incorporated into the design of Oklahoma City’s new federal building.
The National Geographic Channel documentary series Seconds From Disaster suggested that the Murrah Federal Building would probably have survived the blast had it been built according to California’s earthquake design codes
McVeigh believed that the bomb attack had a positive impact on government policy. In evidence he cited the peaceful resolution of the Montana Freemen standoff in 1996, the government’s $3.1 million settlement with Randy Weaver and his surviving children four months after the bombing, and April 2000 statements by Bill Clinton regretting his decision to storm the Branch Davidian compound.
McVeigh stated, “Once you bloody the bully’s nose, and he knows he’s going to be punched again, he’s not coming back around.”
An inscription around it reads: ‘The spirit of this city and this nation will not be defeated; our deeply rooted faith sustains us’
A variety of conspiracy theories have been proposed about the events surrounding the bombing. Some theories allege that individuals in the government, including President Bill Clinton,knew of the impending bombing and intentionally failed to act.
Other theories focus on initial reports by local news stations of multiple other unexploded bombs within the building itself as evidence of remnants of a controlled demolition; following the attack, search and rescue operations at the site were delayed until the area had been declared safe by the Oklahoma City bomb squad and federal authorities.
According to both a situation report compiled by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and a memo[issued by the United States Atlantic Command the day following the attack, a second bomb located within the building was disarmed while a third was evacuated. Further theories focus on additional conspirators involved with the bombing.
Additional theories claim the bombing was carried out by the government in order to frame the militia movement or to provide the impetus for new antiterrorism legislation while using McVeigh as a scapegoat.Other conspiracy theories claim that foreign agents, particularly Islamic terrorists but also the Japanese government or German Neo-Nazis, were involved in the bombing.Experts have disputed the theories and government investigations have been opened at various times to look into the theories.
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, with consideration of other events, including the Oklahoma City bombing, the Federal Highway Administration proposed that major metropolitan areas create evacuation routes for civilians. These highlighted routes would allow paths for emergency crews and government agencies to enter disaster areas more quickly. By helping civilians get out and rescue workers get in, casualties would hopefully be decreased.
Kevin (pictured) says his son’s birth ultimately “really has helped” him cope with the pain of what happened
For two years after the bombing the only memorials to the victims were plush toys, crucifixes, letters, and other personal items left by thousands of people at a security fence surrounding the site of the building.Many suggestions for suitable memorials were sent to Oklahoma City, but an official memorial planning committee was not set up until early 1996,when the Murrah Federal Building Memorial Task Force, composed of 350 members, was set up to formulate plans for a memorial to commemorate the victims of the bombing.
On July 1, 1997, the winning design was chosen unanimously by a 15-member panel from 624 submissions.The memorial was designed at a cost of $29 million, which was raised by public and private funds.[The national memorial is part of the National Park System as an affiliated area and was designed by Oklahoma City architects Hans and Torrey Butzer and Sven Berg.It was dedicated by President Clinton on April 19, 2000, exactly five years after the bombing.Within the first year, it had 700,000 visitors.
The memorial includes a reflecting pool flanked by two large gates, one inscribed with the time 9:01, the other with 9:03, the pool representing the moment of the blast. On the south end of the memorial is a field of symbolic bronze and stone chairs – one for each person lost, arranged according to what floor of the building they were on.
The chairs represent the empty chairs at the dinner tables of the victims’ families. The seats of the children killed are smaller than those of the adults lost.On the opposite side is the “survivor tree”, part of the building’s original landscaping that survived the blast and fires that followed it.
The memorial left part of the foundation of the building intact, allowing visitors to see the scale of the destruction. Part of the chain link fence put in place around the site of the blast, which had attracted over 800,000 personal items of commemoration later collected by the Oklahoma City Memorial Foundation, is now on the western edge of the memorial.North of the memorial is the Journal Record Building, which now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum, an affiliate of the National Park Service. The building also contained the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a law enforcement training center.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the memorial site was closed to the public on April 19, 2020, and local television networks broadcast pre-recorded remembrances to mark the 25th anniversary.
Panoramic view of the memorial, as seen from the base of the reflecting pool. From left to right are the memorial chairs, Gate of Time and Reflecting Pool, the Survivor Tree, and the Journal Record Building.
Each chair in the Field of Empty Chairs represents and memorializes a person killed in the Oklahoma City bombing.